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The Baroque ( or ) is often thought of as a period of artistic style that used exaggerated motion and clear, easily interpreted detail to produce drama, tension, exuberance, and grandeur in sculpture, painting, architecture, literature, dance, theater, and music. The style began around 1600 in Rome, Italy, and spread to most of Europe. The popularity and success of the Baroque style was encouraged by the Catholic Church, which had decided at the time of the Council of Trent, in response to the Protestant Reformation, that the arts should communicate religious themes in direct and emotional involvement.〔Helen Gardner, Fred S. Kleiner, and Christin J. Mamiya, ''Gardner's Art Through the Ages'' (Belmont, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth, 2005), p. 516.〕 The aristocracy also saw the dramatic style of Baroque architecture and art as a means of impressing visitors and expressing triumph, power and control. Baroque palaces are built around an entrance of courts, grand staircases and reception rooms of sequentially increasing opulence. However, "baroque" has resonance and application that extend beyond a simple reduction to either style or period.〔Helen Hills (ed), ''Rethinking the Baroque'' (Farnham (Surrey) and Burlington (Vermont): Ashgate Publishing, 2011):.〕 ==Etymology== The French word ''baroque'' is derived from the Portuguese word "barroco" or Spanish "barrueco" both of which refer to a "rough or imperfect pearl", though whether it entered those languages via Latin, Arabic, or some other source is uncertain.〔''OED'' Online. Accessed 6 June 2008.〕 It is also yields the Italian "barocco" and modern Spanish "barroco", German "Barock", Dutch "Barok", and so on. The 1911 ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' 11th edition thought the term was derived from the Spanish ''barrueco'', a large, irregularly-shaped pearl, and that it had for a time been confined to the craft of the jeweller.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Baroque )〕 Others derive it from the mnemonic term "Baroco", a supposedly laboured form of syllogism in logical ''Scholastica''. The Latin root can be found in ''bis-roca''.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Baroque )〕 In informal usage, the word ''baroque'' can simply mean that something is "elaborate", with many details, without reference to the Baroque styles of the 17th and 18th centuries. The word "Baroque", like most periodic or stylistic designations, was invented by later critics rather than practitioners of the arts in the 17th and early 18th centuries. It is a French transliteration of the Portuguese phrase "pérola barroca", which means "irregular pearl", and natural pearls that deviate from the usual, regular forms so they do not have an axis of rotation are known as "baroque pearls". The term "Baroque" was initially used in a derogatory sense, to underline the excesses of its emphasis. In particular, the term was used to describe its eccentric redundancy and noisy abundance of details, which sharply contrasted the clear and sober rationality of the Renaissance. Although it was long thought that the word as a critical term was first applied to architecture, in fact it appears earlier in reference to music, in an anonymous, satirical review of the première in October 1733 of Jean-Philippe Rameau's ''Hippolyte et Aricie'', printed in the ''Mercure de France'' in May 1734. The critic implied that the novelty in this opera was "du barocque", complaining that the music lacked coherent melody, was unsparing with dissonances, constantly changed key and meter, and speedily ran through every compositional device.〔Claude V. Palisca, "Baroque". ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'', second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell (London: Macmillan Publishers, 2001).〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Baroque」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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